Vol. 38 No. 1 (2023)
Dialogues

Blockchain and Micro-credentials in Education

Rory McGreal
Athabasca University
Bio

Published 2023-09-08

How to Cite

McGreal, R. (2023). Blockchain and Micro-credentials in Education. International Journal of E-Learning & Distance Education Revue Internationale Du E-Learning Et La Formation à Distance, 38(1). https://doi.org/10.55667/10.55667/ijede.2023.v38.i1.1250

Abstract

Micro-credentials can provide easily accessible and transparent evidence of skills or knowledge that have been certified by an authority, based on small units of learning. The recognition and transfer of credits is becoming essential, as an increasing number of students are studying at different institutions, often at the same time, online or in traditional settings. "Blockchain is a type of database that stores data in an "open, peer-to-peer (P2P) network that favors communal functionality in lieu of a centralized controlling entity" (Columbia Engineering Bootcamps, 2021, para 5). The development of blockchain (https://theconversation.com/demystifying-the-blockchain-a-basic-user-guide-60226) holds promise of becoming a useful facilitator for supporting the storage and dissemination of micro-credentials on a global scale. Besides providing effective data security and privacy, blockchain can also facilitate maintaining and disseminating credentials, while ensuring that access is readily available for students under their control. Because of its immutability, blockchain can be used to confidently attest to students' accomplishments and is therefore particularly appropriate for micro-credentials.

References

  1. Barbier, J. (2015, October 21). Using the blockchain to secure and authentify Holberton School certificates. Holberton School. https://blog.holbertonschool.com/using-the-blockchain-to-secure-and-authentify-holberton-school-certificates/
  2. Belshaw, D. (2015, March 30). Digging deeper into the future of educational credentialing. Connected Learning Alliance. https://dmlcentral.net/peering-deep-into-future-of-educational-credentialing/
  3. Belshaw, D. (2016, February 11). The possibilities of badges and blockchain. Connected Learning Alliance. https://dmlcentral.net/the-possibilities-of-badges-and-blockchain/
  4. Casey, J. (2019, March 25). My Skills Project [White Paper]. IFI Charitable Trust. https://myskills.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/My-Skills-White-Paper-25-3-19.pdf
  5. Clark, D. (2016, September 12). Ten ways Blockchain could be used in education. oeb insights. https://oeb.global/oeb-insights/10-ways-blockchain-could-be-used-in-education/
  6. Columbia Engineering Bootcamps. (2021, October 8). What is blockchain? A beginner's guide for 2021. Columbia University. Retrieved December 15, 2022, from https://bootcamp.cvn.columbia.edu/blog/what-is-blockchain-beginners-guide/
  7. Contact North/Contact Nord. (2018, October 9). Ten Facts about Blockchain. teachonline.ca. https://teachonline.ca/tools-trends/ten-facts-about-blockchain
  8. European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Camilleri, A., Inamorato dos Santos, A., Grech, A. (2017). Blockchain in education. Joint Research Centre [JRC108255] Publications Office. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/60649
  9. Holotescu, C. (2018). Blockchain and open Education [Slides]. https://www.slideshare.net/cami13/blockchain-and-open-education?qid=090c3eb1-6bd3-41e1-9dca-0737c476bcc3&v=&b=&from_search=27
  10. Jones, S. (2018, October 1). A Solution to OER publication resistance: Using blockchain technology to protect scholar copyright. International Journal of Open Education Resources, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.18278/ijoer.1.1.8
  11. Lantero, L., & Marchionni, P. (2019, May 20). Diplo-Me [White paper]. Diplome. http://www.cimea.it/files/fileusers/8727_Diplome%20White%20Paper.pdf
  12. Levin, D. (2016, March 11). Ten things to know about the future of blockchain in education. LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/10-things-know-future-blockchain-education-douglas-levin?trk=portfolio_article-card
  13. Levin, D. (2016, August 1). Blockchain misconceptions and the future of education. Elearningfeeds.com. https://elearningfeeds.com/blockchain-misconceptions-and-the-future-of-education/
  14. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (n.d.). Digital Credentials Consortium. https://digitalcredentials.mit.edu/
  15. Mikroyannidis, A., Domingue, J., Bachler, M., & Quick, K. (2018). Smart blockchain badges for data science education. IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference. https://doi.org/10.1109/fie.2018.8659012
  16. Nazaré, J., Duffy, K. H., & Schmidt, J. P. (2016, June 2). What we learned from designing an academic certificates system on the blockchain. MIT Media Lab. https://medium.com/mit-media-lab/what-we-learned-from-designing-an-academic-certificates-system-on-the-blockchain-34ba5874f196
  17. Pereira, J. (2016, August 22). Ethereum and education are a perfect match. otlw. https://medium.com/otlw/ethereum-and-education-are-a-perfect-match-85750a3bcbe4
  18. Pianko, D. (2018, September 5). What every college leader should know about blockchain. Inside Higher Ed. https://www.insidehighered.com/digital-learning/views/2018/09/05/what-every-college-leader-should-know-about-blockchain-opinion#disqus_thread
  19. Raths, D. (2016, May 16). How blockchain will disrupt the higher education transcript. Campus Technology. https://campustechnology.com/articles/2016/05/16/how-blockchain-will-disrupt-the-higher-education-transcript.aspx
  20. Rooksby, J., & Dimitrov, K. (2017, June 10). Trustless education? A Blockchain system for university grades [Paper presentation]. New Value Transactions: Understanding and Designing for Distributed Autonomous Organisations. Workshop at DIS2017, Edinburgh. http://johnrooksby.org/papers/DAOworkshop_rooksby.pdf
  21. Sedlmeir, J., Buhl, H. U., Fridgen, G., & Keller, R. (2020). The energy consumption of blockchain technology: Beyond myth. Business and Information Systems Engineering, (62), 599–608. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-020-00656-x
  22. Sharples, M., & Domingue, J. (2016, September 7). The blockchain and kudos: A distributed system for educational record, reputation and reward [Paper presentation]. European Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning, Tallin, Estonia. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-45153-4_48
  23. Shoot the Centerfold. (2013, October 6). Decoding the Creative Commons licensing and copyright. https://shootthecenterfold.com/decoding-the-creative-commons-licensing-and-copyright/
  24. Sony Global Education. (2020, February 22). Sony Global Education develops technology using blockchain for open sharing of academic proficiency and progress records. https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press/201602/16-0222E/index.html
  25. Sony. (2017, August 9. Sony develops system for authentication, sharing, and rights management using blockchain technology. Sony News Releases. https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/News/Press/201602/16-0222E/
  26. Steiu, M. F. (2020, June). Blockchain in education: Opportunities, applications and challenges. First Monday. https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/download/10654/9726
  27. Sun, H., Wang, X., & Wang, X. (2018, October). Application of blockchain technology in online education. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 13(10), 252. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v13i10.9455
  28. University College London. (2022, December 20). University College London fights CV fraud via bitcoin verification. Bitcoin.com. https://news.bitcoin.com/university-college-london-fights-cv-fraud-via-bitcoin-verification/
  29. U.S. Department of Labor. (2010, December 15). Career pathways toolkit. A guide for system development. https://wdr.doleta.gov/directives/attach/TEN/TEN_17-15_Attachment_Acc.pdf
  30. Vass, K. (2020, April 21). The rise of virtual worlds and decentralised lands on the blockchain. Kate Vass Galerie. https://www.kateassgalerie.com/blog/virtual-worlds-and-decentralised-lands-on-the-blockchain
  31. Watters, A. (2016, April 7). The blockchain for education: An introduction. Hack Education. http://hackeducation.com/2016/04/07/blockchain-education-guide
  32. Xianmin, Y., Xin, L., Huanqing, W., & Keyun, Z. (2017). The application model and challenges of blockchain technology in education. http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-XDYC201702006.htm
  33. Yaga, D., Mell, P., Roby, N., & Scarfone, K. (2018, October). Blockchain technology overview. National Institute of Standards and Technology, NISTIR 8202. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.8202