Vol. 37 No. 2 (2022): Innovating Every Day: Moving Beyond COVID-19
Research Articles

Targeted and Tailored: The Importance of a Personalized Approach to Open Distance Learning Support

Liesl Scheepers
IIE Varsity College
Bio
Geesje Van den Berg
University of South Africa
Bio

Published 2023-01-03

How to Cite

Scheepers, L., & Van den Berg, G. (2023). Targeted and Tailored: The Importance of a Personalized Approach to Open Distance Learning Support. International Journal of E-Learning & Distance Education Revue Internationale Du E-Learning Et La Formation à Distance, 37(2). https://doi.org/10.55667/ijede.2022.v37.i2.1270

Abstract

The article explored the need to provide ODL students with support that is more personalised in nature; support that speaks to the presence of a “human touch,” and specifically refers to an individual whose primary focus is on relationship building and fostering a sense of community and care amongst its online students. Although literature reveals the importance of online student support, including affective, cognitive, and systemic support, not enough is known about the value of having a role whose sole focus is personalised affective support in an online learning environment. Within a qualitative approach, the study used 12 semi-structured interviews and five focus groups with 34 participants to explore the value ODL students place on non-academic support. The findings revealed that while participants were familiar with who their Programme Success Tutor (PST) was, for various reasons, there was no shared or common understanding of the role as being intentionally affective in nature. Based on the findings, the study suggests that a PST or a similar role at an ODL institution should be closely aligned with the needs and expectations of the students for whom this role is envisaged. We further recommend using Karp’s four non-academic support mechanisms as a framework when establishing or revising such a support role.

References

  1. Akhter, R., & Sumi, F. R. (2014, January). Socio-cultural factors influencing entrepreneurial activities: A study on Bangladesh. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(9), 1–10. http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jbm/papers/Vol16-issue9/Version-2/A016920110.pdf
  2. Angelino, L. M., Williams, F. K., & Navtig, D. (2009, July). Strategies to engage online students and reduce attrition rates. The Journal of Educators Online, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.9743/JEO.2009.1.4
  3. Arghode, V. (2012). Qualitative and quantitative research: Paradigmatic differences. Global Education Journal, 2012(4).
  4. Barrett, E., & Lally, V. (2000, April). Meeting new challenges in educational research training: The signposts for educational research CD-ROM. British Research Journal, 26(2), 271–290. https://www.jstor.org/stable/i266408
  5. Bean, J. P., & Metzner, B. S. (1985, Winter). A conceptual model of non-traditional undergraduate student attrition. Review of Educational Research, 55(4), 485–540. https://doi.org/10.2307/1170245
  6. Bensimon, E. M. (2007, Summer). The underestimated significance of practitioner knowledge in the scholarship on student success. The Review of Higher Education, 30(4), 441–469. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2007.0032
  7. Bharuthram, S. (2018). Attending to the affective: Exploring first year students’ emotional experiences at university. South African Journal of Higher Education. 32(2), 27–42. https://doi.org/10.20853/32-2-2113
  8. Bitsch, V. (2005). Qualitative research: A grounded theory example and evaluation criteria. Journal of Agribusiness, 23(345-2016-15096), 75–91. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.59612
  9. Botha, J. (2014). The relationship between adult learner self-directedness and employability attributes: An open distance learning perspective [Unpublished master’s dissertation]. University of South Africa. https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/13598
  10. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology. 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  11. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2012). Thematic analysis. In H. Cooper, P. M. Camic, D. L. Long, A. T. Panter, D. Rindskopf, & K. J. Sher (Eds.), APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Vol. 2. Research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological (pp. 57–71). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13620-004
  12. Brookfield, S. (2006). The skillful teacher: On technique, trust and responsiveness in the classroom. Jossey-Bass.
  13. Burns, D., Dagnall, N., & Holt, M. (2020, October 14). Assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on student wellbeing at universities in the United Kingdom: A conceptual analysis. In Frontiers in Education (Vol. 5, p. 582882). Frontiers Media SA. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.582882
  14. Carey, J. (2011). Johnne Donne: Life, mind and art. Faber & Faber.
  15. Chase, J. A. (2010). The additive effects of values clarification training to an online goal-setting procedure on measures of student retention and performance [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Nevada, Reno.
  16. Christie, H., Tett, L., Cree, V. E., Hounsell, J., & McCune, V. (2008, October 10). A real rollercoaster of confidence and emotions: Learning to be a university student. Studies in Higher Education, 33(5), 567–581. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070802373040
  17. Cleveland-Innes, M., & Campbell, P. (2012). Emotional presence, learning, and the online environment. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 13(4), 269–292. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v13i4.1234
  18. Cobb, S. C. (2009). Social presence and online learning: A current view from a research perspective. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 8(3), 241–254. https://www.ncolr.org/jiol/issues/pdf/8.3.4.pdf
  19. Creswell, J. W. (2021). A concise introduction to mixed methods research (2nd ed.). SAGE.
  20. Damasio, A. (1999). The feeling of what happens: Body and emotion in the making of consciousness. Harcourt.
  21. Davidson, C., & Wilson, K. (2013, December 9). Reassessing Tinto’s concept of social and academic integration in student retention. Journal of College Student Retention: Research Theory & Practice, 15(3), 329–346. https://doi.org/10.2190/CS.15.3.b
  22. Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. (2011). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research. SAGE.
  23. Dirkx, J. M. (2008, December 16). The meaning and role of emotions in adult learning. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education. 120, 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/ace.311
  24. Fynn, A., & Janse van Vuuren, H. (2017). Investigating the role of non-academic support systems of students completing a master's degree in open, distance and e-learning. Perspectives in Education, 35(1), pp.189-199. https://doi.org/10.18820/2519593Xpie.v35i1.14
  25. Gill, P., Stewart, K., Treasure, E., & Chadwick, B. (2008, March 22). Methods of data collection in qualitative research: Interviews and focus groups. British Dental Journal, 204(6), 291–295. https://doi.org/10.1038/bdj.2008.192
  26. Grubb, W. N. (2006). Like, what do I do now? The dilemmas of guidance counseling. In T. Bailey and V. S. Morest (Eds.), Defending the community college equity agenda (pp. 195–222). Johns Hopkins University Press.
  27. Hancock, D. R., & Algozzine, B. (2017). Doing case study research: A practical guide for beginning researchers. Teachers College Press.
  28. Kääriäinen, M., Mikkonen, K., & Kyngäs, H. (2020). Instrument development based on content analysis. In H. Kyngas, M. Kristin, & M. Kaariainen (Eds.), The application of content analysis in nursing science research. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30199-6
  29. Kahu, E. R., Stephens, C., Leach, L., & Zepke, N. (2013, June 24). The engagement of mature distance students. Higher Education Research & Development, 32(5), 791–804. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/07294360.2013.777036
  30. Karp, M. M. (2011). Towards a new understanding of non-academic student support: Four mechanisms encouraging positive student outcomes in the community college. Columbia University Working Paper 28. http://hdl.voced.edu.au/10707/178542
  31. Kaufmann, R., & Vallade, J. I. (2020, April 10). Exploring connections in the online learning environment: Student perceptions of rapport, climate, and loneliness. Interactive Learning Environments, (30:10), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1749670
  32. Kim, H. S., & Sasaki, J. Y. (2012, December 2). Emotion regulation: The interplay of culture and genes. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6(12), 865–877. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12003
  33. LeDoux, J. (1999). The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. Phoenix.
  34. Lee, Y., Choi, J., & Kim, T. (2013, March). Discriminating factors between completers of and dropouts from online learning courses. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44(2), 328–337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2012.01306.x
  35. LaPadula, M. (2003). A comprehensive look at online student support services for distance learners. American Journal of Distance Education, 17(2), 119–128. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15389286AJDE1702_4
  36. Lehman, R. M., & Conceição, S. C. (2010). Creating a sense of presence in online teaching: How to "be there" for distance learners (Vol. 18). John Wiley & Sons.
  37. Lincoln, Y.S., & Guba, E.G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage
  38. Lipman, M. (2003). Thinking in education (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  39. Makhanya, M., Mays, T., & Ryan, P. (2013). Beyond access: Tailoring ODL provision to advance social justice and development. South African Journal of Higher Education, 27(6), 1384–1400. https://doi.org/10.20853/27-6-305
  40. Matizirofa, L., Soyizwapi, L., Siwela, A., & Khosie, M. (2021, September 6). Maintaining student engagement: The digital shift during the coronavirus pandemic a case of the library at the University of Pretoria. New Review of Academic Librarianship, 27(3), 364–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/13614533.2021.1976234
  41. Mortiboys, A. (2012). Teaching with emotional intelligence. A step by step guide for higher and further education professionals (2nd ed.). Routledge.
  42. Netanda, R. S., Mamabolo, J., & Thename, M. (2019, September 19). Do or die: Student support interventions for the survival of distance education institutions in a competitive higher education system. Studies in Higher Education, 44(2), 397–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1378632
  43. O’Regan, K. (2003, September). Emotion and e-learning. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Network. 7(3), 78–92. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v7i3.1847
  44. Park, C. L., Perry, B., & Edwards, M. (2011, March 3). Minimising attrition: Strategies for assisting students who are at risk of withdrawal. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 48(1), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2010.543769
  45. Pekrun, R., & Stephens, E. (2010). Achievement emotions in higher education. In J. Smart (Ed.), Higher education: Handbook of theory and research (25th ed., pp. 257–306). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8598-6_7
  46. Plutchik, R. (2003). Emotions and life: Perspectives from psychology, biology, and evolution. American Psychological Association.
  47. Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2012, August 8). Gender bias undermines evidence on gender and health. Qualitative Health Research, 22(9), 1298. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732312453772
  48. Robertson, S. G. (2020). Factors that influence students’ decision to drop out of an online business course [Doctoral dissertation, Walden University].
  49. Rotar, O. (2022, January 6). Online student support: A framework for embedding support interventions into the online learning cycle. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 17(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41039-021-00178-4
  50. Rovai, A., Ponton, M., Wighting, M., & Baker, J. (2007, July). A comparative analysis of student motivation in traditional classroom and e-learning courses. International Journal on E-Learning, 6(3), 413–432. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/20022/
  51. Rumble, G. (2000, January). Student support in distance education in the 21st century: Learning from service management. Distance Education, 21(2) 216–235. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/0158791000210202
  52. Ryan, Y. (2004). Pushing the boundaries with online learner support. In J. Brindley, C. Walti, & O. Zawacki-Richter (Eds.), Learner support in open, distance and online learning environments (pp. 125–134). Bibliotheks und Informations system der Universität Oldenburg. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/item/8q9wz/pushing-the-boundaries-with-online-learner-support
  53. Shea, P. (2006). A study of students' sense of learning community in online environments. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v10i1.1774
  54. Shikulo, L., & Lekhetho, M. (2020). Exploring student support services of a distance learning centre at a Namibian university. Cogent Social Sciences, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2020.1737401
  55. Solomon, R. C. 2008. True to our feelings: What emotions are really telling us. New York: Oxford University Press.
  56. Stets, J. E., & Turner, J. H. (2006). Handbook of the sociology of emotions. Springer.
  57. Tait, A. (2000). Planning student support for open and distance learning. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and E-learning, 15(3), 287–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/713688410
  58. Tait, A. (2004). On institutional models and concepts of student support services: The case of the open university UK. 3rd EDEN Research Workshop, Oldenburg. http://www.c3l.uni-oldenburg.de/cde/support/fa04/Vol.%209%20chapters/KeynoteTait.pdf
  59. Tait, A. (2014, February). From place to virtual space: Reconfiguring student support for distance and e-learning in the digital age. Open Praxis, 6(1), 5–16. https://doi.org/ 10.5944/openpraxis.6.1.102
  60. The Independent Institute of Education 007. (2020). PDIIIE007: Research and postgraduate studies process and procedure. https://irp.cdn-website.com/3f7b6868/files/uploaded/PDIIE007%20Research%20and%20Postgraduate%20Studies%20Process%20and%20Procedure%202022%20Reupload.pdf
  61. Thorpe, M. (2002). Rethinking learner support: The challenge of collaborative online learning. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 17(2), 105–119
  62. Tobin, G. A., & Begley, C. M. (2004, October 21). Methodological rigour within a qualitative framework. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48(4), 388–396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03207.x
  63. Visser, M., & Law-van Wyk, E. (2021, May 3). University students mental health and emotional wellbeing during the Covid-19 pandemic and ensuing lockdown. South African Journal of Psychology, 51(2), 229243. https://doi.org/10.1177/00812463211012219
  64. Waight, E., & Giordano, A. (2018, May). Doctoral students' access to non-academic support for mental health. Journal of Higher Education Policy & Management, 40(4), 390–412. https:/doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2018.1478613
  65. Weiss, R. E. (2000, December). Humanizing the online classroom. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 2000(84), 47–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/tl.847
  66. Williams, L. S. (2017, May). The managed heart: Adult learners and emotional presence online. Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 65(2), 124–131. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/07377363.2017.1320204
  67. Wosnitza, M., & Volet, S. (2005, October). Origin, direction and impact of emotions in social online learning. Learning and Instruction. 15(5), 449–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2005.07.009
  68. You, J., & Kang, M. (2014, August). The role of academic emotions in the relationship between perceived academic control and self-regulated learning in online learning. Computers and Education, 77, 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.04.018
  69. Zembylas, M. (2008, May 9). Adult learners' emotions in online learning. Distance Education, 29(1), 71–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587910802004852
  70. Zembylas, M., Theodorou, M., & Pavalakis, A. (2008, June 6). The role of emotions in the experience of online learning: Challenges and opportunities. Educational Media International, 45(2), 107–117. Routledge, Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523980802107237